Clinical Trials: IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions

Essential Elements of a Successful IND Package

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An Investigational New Drug (IND) application is a regulatory prerequisite for initiating clinical trials in the United States. It allows sponsors to legally ship an investigational drug across state lines before a marketing application is approved. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews the IND to ensure that trial participants are not exposed to unreasonable risks. Preparing a successful IND submission package is a complex but vital step in drug development.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

Common Reasons for IND Clinical Hold and How to Avoid Them

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A clinical hold is an order issued by the U.S. FDA that prevents the initiation or continuation of a clinical trial under an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. While the purpose is to protect trial participants from potential harm, a hold can result in major delays, increased costs, and a loss of investor confidence.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

Pre-IND Meeting: What to Prepare and Expect

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A Pre-Investigational New Drug (Pre-IND) meeting is one of the most valuable opportunities for sponsors to engage with the FDA early in the drug development process. Classified as a Type B meeting, it enables sponsors to align their nonclinical, clinical, and Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) plans with FDA expectations before submitting an IND application.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

Nonclinical Data Requirements for IND Filing

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Nonclinical (also known as preclinical) data are a critical component of any Investigational New Drug (IND) application. These studies establish the safety profile of a new drug before it is administered to humans. They serve to identify potential toxicities, support dose selection, and define monitoring strategies for the proposed clinical trial.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

CMC Module in IND Submissions: Best Practices

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The Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) module is a cornerstone of the Investigational New Drug (IND) application. It demonstrates that the investigational product can be manufactured reliably, stored safely, and administered consistently. Inadequate or incomplete CMC data is one of the most common causes of IND clinical holds.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

IND Amendments: Process, Timing, and Compliance

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Once an Investigational New Drug (IND) application is active, sponsors are responsible for maintaining its accuracy and ensuring that all changes are communicated promptly to the FDA. This is achieved through IND amendments — formal submissions that update the agency on protocol modifications, safety findings, manufacturing changes, or administrative updates.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

Initial vs Expanded Access INDs: Key Differences

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An Investigational New Drug (IND) application allows sponsors to legally administer an unapproved drug to humans. While most INDs are submitted to initiate clinical trials (initial INDs), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also provides a mechanism called Expanded Access IND — commonly referred to as “compassionate use” — for patients with serious or life-threatening conditions who lack other treatment options.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

How to Prepare for a Type B FDA Meeting

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In the U.S. drug development process, structured communication with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is essential for aligning clinical, regulatory, and manufacturing strategies. Type B meetings are formal, scheduled interactions between sponsors and the FDA designed to address key development milestones, including Pre-IND meetings, End-of-Phase 2 meetings, and Pre-NDA/BLA meetings.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

eCTD Format for IND Submissions in the U.S.

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The electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) is the mandatory format for submitting Investigational New Drug (IND) applications to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As of May 2018, the FDA requires that all commercial INDs, including amendments and safety updates, be submitted electronically using eCTD specifications.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals

Case Study: Successful IND for First-in-Human Study

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This case study highlights a mid-sized biotechnology company preparing to enter clinical trials with a novel small-molecule kinase inhibitor. The molecule was developed to treat relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and showed strong preclinical efficacy across multiple cell lines and animal models.

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IND (Investigational New Drug) Submissions, Regulatory Submissions and Approvals